Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient that plays a vital role in synthesising DNA, producing Red Blood Cell (RBC), and maintaining nerve health. However, vitamin B12 deficiency is often overlooked or ignored, despite its critical role in maintaining good health. This is because its symptoms can be vague and non-specific. In addition, many people remain aware of the prevalence of vitamin B12 deficiency and how it impacts health. Besides taking a toll on your neurological, digestive, and eye health, it can also lead to oral issues. Speaking with the OnlyMyHealth team, Dr J Harikishan, Senior General Physician, Kamineni Hospitals, Hyderabad, shares the most common symptoms.
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What Is Vitamin B12 Deficiency?
“Vitamin B12 is a vital nutrient essential for the human body, but it cannot be produced internally and must be acquired from dietary sources or supplements,” explained Dr Harikishan, adding, “Animal products like meat, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy are rich in B12. Absorption of this vitamin occurs in the small intestine with the assistance of intrinsic factor, a protein generated in the stomach.”
Various factors can contribute to B12 deficiency, including insufficient intake, especially for vegans and strict vegetarians who exclude animal products without consuming fortified foods or supplements, the doctor highlighted. This can further result in conditions like pernicious anaemia, which affects intrinsic factor production. Gastrointestinal disorders and age-related decline in absorption capacity also increase the risk of B12 deficiency.
Research has found approximately 75% of the population that is over 65 crore people have B12 deficiency, majority of which is caused by variation in demography, diet, and religion.
Common symptoms to help identify the condition include:
- Fatigue and weakness
- Anaemia
- Neurological symptoms like numbness or tingling in the hands and feet, difficulty walking, balance problems, and memory issues
- Pale or yellowish skin
- Digestive Issues, such as loss of appetite, diarrhoea, or constipation
- Changes in mood, irritability, and anxiety
- Vision Changes
Oral Signs Of Vitamin B12 Deficiency
In certain cases, vitamin B12 deficiency can also lead to a condition called glossitis, which is characterised by inflammation of the tongue, leading to a swollen, red, and painful tongue.
Dr Harikishan shared, “Common signs include a pale or smooth tongue, indicating glossitis and inflammation. Recurrent mouth ulcers, known as aphthous stomatitis, can cause pain and hinder oral functions. Some individuals may experience a burning or tingling sensation in the mouth or tongue. In addition, taste perception can also be affected, resulting in a diminished sense of taste or taste disturbances.”
“B12 deficiency weakens the immune system, making individuals more prone to oral candidiasis, such as oral thrush caused by Candida yeast. Additionally, reduced B12 levels can lead to dry mouth due to decreased saliva production, which can contribute to dental issues like tooth decay. Monitoring these oral signs can aid in detecting and addressing potential vitamin B12 deficiencies,” he added.
Who Is At Risk?
Certain groups are at a higher risk of developing vitamin B12 deficiency. These include:
- Vegans and vegetarians, who follow a plant-based diet
- Older adults
- Individuals with gastrointestinal disorders
- Gastric bypass patients
- Chronic alcoholics as alcohol interferes with nutrient absorption and utilisation
“It is important for these groups to monitor their B12 intake and consider supplementation if necessary,” the doctor concluded.
